Research.

Anaesthesia professionals’ perspectives on ECG interpretation and arrhythmia situation awareness with Visual Patient Heart: a qualitative multicentre study

Max Ebensperger, Cynthia A. Hunn, Tadzio R. Roche, Arend Rahrisch, Achilles Delis, Florian Piekarski, Florian J. Raimann, Sayeh Bagheri, Svenja Letz, Gregor Massoth, Kai Zacharowski, David W. Tscholl

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

Qualitative multicentre study · Journal article

Qualitative follow-up in an overlapping study context; journal and earlier preprint count as one work.

DOI: 10.1186/s12911-026-03578-y

Effects of the Visual Patient Avatar on vital sign deviations and audible alarm burden in perioperative care: a dual-centre, quasi-experimental pre-post large-scale observational study protocol (NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell and University Hospital Zurich)

Silis Y Jiang, Tadzio R Roche, Krzysztof Cybulski, Gaspar Dugac, Lukas Meier, Virginia E Tangel, Max Ebensperger, Andreas Maskos, Michael Tucci, Christoph B Nöthiger, Markus Kalisch, Zachary A Turnbull, David W Tscholl

BMJ Open

Peer-reviewed protocol: dual-centre, quasi-experimental pre-post observational study · Peer-reviewed protocol

DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2026-121099

Using a Wearable-Based Animated Patient Avatar to Improve Patients’ Perception of Vital Signs: Multicenter Computer-Based Study

Johannes Köhler, Max Ebensperger, Cynthia A Hunn, Arend Rahrisch, Achilles Delis, Florian Piekarski, Gregor Massoth, Florian J Raimann, Kai Zacharowski, David W Tscholl, Tadzio Raoul Roche

JMIR Formative Research

Computer-based, quantitative, qualitative

DOI: 10.2196/84130

Using Visual Patient Heart to improve anaesthesia professionals’ ECG Interpretation and Arrhythmia Situation Awareness: A Quantitative Study

Cynthia Alexandra Hunn, Max Ebensperger, Tadzio Raoul Roche, Arend Rahrisch, Achilles Delis, Florian Piekarski, Florian J. Raimann, Julia Braun, Sayeh Bagheri, Svenja Letz, Gregor Massoth, Kai Zacharowski, David W. Tscholl

Research Square

Quantitative multicentre simulation · Preprint

DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8410940/v1

Evaluation of visual patient predictive for enhancing level 3 situation awareness: protocol for a multicentre randomised computer-based simulation and diagnostic accuracy study (true positive rate, precision, average lead time)

Cynthia Alexandra Hunn, Hannes Bruns, Sebastian Sahli, Luca Wachtendorf, Johannes Schäfer, Stefan Schwerin, Achilles Delis, Markus Kalisch, Gaspar Dugac, Arend Rahrisch, Max Ebensperger, Arian Karimitar, Gregor Massoth, Christopher Neuhaus, Alina Dubatovka, Christoph B Nöthiger, G. Gasciauskaite, Tadzio Raoul Roche, David W Tscholl

BMJ Open

Study protocol · Peer-reviewed protocol

DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-109171

Avatar-based versus conventional patient monitoring with distant vision: a computer-based simulation study

Petar Milovanovic, Julia Braun, Cynthia Alexandra Hunn, Justyna Lunkiewicz, David Werner Tscholl, Greta Gasciauskaite

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing

Computer-based, quantitative

DOI: 10.1007/s10877-024-01239-x

Predicting vital sign deviations during surgery from patient monitoring data: developing and validating single-stream deep learning models

Alina Dubatovka, Christoph B. Nöthiger, Donat R. Spahn, Joachim M. Buhmann, Tadzio R. Roche, David W. Tscholl

British Journal of Anaesthesia

Visual Patient Predictive Backend

DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2024.06.030

Qualitative Exploration of Anesthesia Providers’ Perceptions Regarding Philips Visual Patient Avatar in Clinical Practice

Cynthia A. Hunn, Justyna Lunkiewicz, Christoph B. Noethiger, David W. Tscholl, Greta Gasciauskaite

Bioengineering

Real-Life, user feedback

DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040323

Survey-based qualitative exploration of user perspectives on the Philips Visual Patient Avatar in clinical situation management

Indre Radaviciute, Cynthia A. Hunn, Justyna Lunkiewicz, Petar Milovanovic, Jan F. Willms, Christoph B. Nöthiger, Emanuela Keller, David W. Tscholl, Greta Gasciauskaite

Scientific Reports

Real-Life, user feedback

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72338-7

Three Quarters of Preventable Patient Harm Stems from Situation Awareness Breakdowns: Recognizing and Addressing the Core Issue

David W. Tscholl, Cynthia A. Hunn, Greta Gasciauskaite

APSF Newsletter

Overview article

User Perceptions of Visual Clot in a High-Fidelity Simulation Study: Mixed Qualitative-Quantitative Study

Greta Gasciauskaite, Clara Castellucci, Amos Malorgio, Alexandra D Budowski, Giovanna Schweiger, Michaela Kolbe, Daniel Fries, Bastian Grande, Christoph B Nöthiger, Donat R Spahn, Tadzio R Roche, David W Tscholl, Samira Akbas

JMIR Human Factors

Mixed qualitative-quantitative user perceptions · Journal version of record

DOI: 10.2196/47991

Avatar-based patient monitoring improves information transfer, diagnostic confidence and reduces perceived workload in intensive care units: computer-based, multicentre comparison study

Lisa Bergauer, Julia Braun, Tadzio Raoul Roche, Patrick Meybohm, Sebastian Hottenrott, Kai Zacharowski, Florian Jürgen Raimann, Eva Rivas, Manuel López-Baamonde, Michael Thomas Ganter, Christoph Beat Nöthiger, Donat R. Spahn, David Werner Tscholl, Samira Akbas

Scientific Reports

Computer-based, user feedback, quantitative

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33027-z

Coagulation Management of Critically Bleeding Patients With Viscoelastic Testing Presented as a 3D-Animated Blood Clot (The Visual Clot): Randomized Controlled High-Fidelity Simulation Study

Clara Castellucci, Amos Malorgio, Alexandra Dinah Budowski, Samira Akbas, Michaela Kolbe, Bastian Grande, Julia Braun, Christoph B Noethiger, Donat R Spahn, David Werner Tscholl, Tadzio Raoul Roche

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Randomized controlled high-fidelity simulation · Journal version of record

DOI: 10.2196/43895

Human-centered visualization technologies for patient monitoring are the future: a narrative review

Greta Gasciauskaite, Justyna Lunkiewicz, Tadzio R. Roche, Donat R. Spahn, Christoph B. Nöthiger, David W. Tscholl

Critical Care

Review

DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04544-0

Pediatric Anesthesia Providers’ Perspective on the Real-Life Implementation of the Philips Visual Patient Avatar: A Qualitative Study

Justyna Lunkiewicz, Daniel Fries, Petar Milovanovic, Christoph B. Noethiger, David W. Tscholl, Greta Gasciauskaite

Children

Real-Life, user feedback

DOI: 10.3390/children10121841

The Visual Patient Avatar ICU Facilitates Information Transfer of Written Information by Visualization: A Multicenter Comparative Eye-Tracking Study

Julie Viautour, Lukas Naegeli, Julia Braun, Lisa Bergauer, Tadzio R. Roche, David W. Tscholl, Samira Akbas

Diagnostics

Computer-based, eye-tracking, quantitative

DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223432

User Perceptions of Avatar-Based Patient Monitoring for Intensive Care Units: An International Exploratory Sequential Mixed-Methods Study

Justyna Lunkiewicz, Greta Gasciauskaite, Tadzio Raoul Roche, Samira Akbas, Christoph B. Nöthiger, Michael T. Ganter, Patrick Meybohm, Sebastian Hottenrott, Kai Zacharowski, Florian Jürgen Raimann, Eva Rivas, Manuel López-Baamonde, Elisabeth Anna Beller, David Werner Tscholl, Lisa Bergauer

Diagnostics

Computer-based, user feedback

DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213391

User Perceptions of ROTEM-Guided Haemostatic Resuscitation: A Mixed Qualitative–Quantitative Study

Greta Gasciauskaite, Amos Malorgio, Clara Castellucci, Alexandra Budowski, Giovanna Schweiger, Michaela Kolbe, Bastian Grande, Christoph B. Noethiger, Donat R. Spahn, Tadzio R. Roche, David W. Tscholl, Samira Akbas

Bioengineering

Mixed qualitative-quantitative user-needs study · Journal version of record

DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030386

User Perceptions of Visual Blood: An International Mixed Methods Study on Novel Blood Gas Analysis Visualization

Greta Gasciauskaite, Justyna Lunkiewicz, Giovanna Schweiger, Alexandra D. Budowski, David Henckert, Tadzio R. Roche, Lisa Bergauer, Patrick Meybohm, Sebastian Hottenrott, Kai Zacharowski, Florian Jürgen Raimann, Eva Rivas, Manuel López-Baamonde, Michael Thomas Ganter, Tanja Schmidt, Christoph B. Nöthiger, David W. Tscholl, Samira Akbas

Diagnostics

User perceptions; mixed methods · Journal article

Mixed methods analysis of participants from the two simulation studies; not a third independent efficacy cohort.

DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193103

Using Visual Patient to Show Vital Sign Predictions, a Computer-Based Mixed Quantitative and Qualitative Simulation Study

Amos Malorgio, David Henckert, Giovanna Schweiger, Julia Braun, Kai Zacharowski, Florian J. Raimann, Florian Piekarski, Patrick Meybohm, Sebastian Hottenrott, Corinna Froehlich, Donat R. Spahn, Christoph B. Noethiger, David W. Tscholl, Tadzio R. Roche

Diagnostics

Computer-based, user feedback, quantitative, Visual Patient Predictive Frontend

DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203281

Visual Blood, a 3D Animated Computer Model to Optimize the Interpretation of Blood Gas Analysis

Giovanna Schweiger, Amos Malorgio, David Henckert, Julia Braun, Patrick Meybohm, Sebastian Hottenrott, Corinna Froehlich, Kai Zacharowski, Florian J. Raimann, Florian Piekarski, Christoph B. Noethiger, Donat R. Spahn, David W. Tscholl, Tadzio R. Roche

Bioengineering

Multicentre screen-based simulation · Journal article

DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030293

Visual Blood, Visualisation of Blood Gas Analysis in Virtual Reality, Leads to More Correct Diagnoses: A Computer-Based, Multicentre, Simulation Study

Lisa Bergauer, Samira Akbas, Julia Braun, Michael T. Ganter, Patrick Meybohm, Sebastian Hottenrott, Kai Zacharowski, Florian J. Raimann, Eva Rivas, Manuel López-Baamonde, Donat R. Spahn, Christoph B. Noethiger, David W. Tscholl, Tadzio R. Roche

Bioengineering

Multicentre virtual reality simulation · Journal article

DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030340

Faster Time to Treatment Decision of Viscoelastic Coagulation Test Results through Improved Perception with the Animated Visual Clot: A Multicenter Comparative Eye-Tracking Study

Clara Castellucci, Julia Braun, Sadiq Said, Tadzio Raoul Roche, Christoph B. Nöthiger, Donat R. Spahn, David W. Tscholl, Samira Akbas

Diagnostics

Multicenter comparative eye-tracking study · Journal version of record

DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051269

Improved Task Performance, Low Workload, and User-Centered Design in Medical Diagnostic Equipment Enhance Decision Confidence of Anesthesia Providers: A Meta-Analysis and a Multicenter Online Survey

Alexandra D. Budowski, Lisa Bergauer, Clara Castellucci, Julia Braun, Christoph B. Nöthiger, Donat R. Spahn, David W. Tscholl, Tadzio R. Roche

Diagnostics

Meta-analysis, quantitative, qualitative

DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081835

Improving Visual-Patient-Avatar Design Prior to Its Clinical Release: A Mixed Qualitative and Quantitative Study

Doreen J. Wetli, Lisa Bergauer, Christoph B. Nöthiger, Tadzio R. Roche, Donat R. Spahn, David W. Tscholl, Sadiq Said

Diagnostics

Computer-based, user feedback, quantitative

DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020555

User Perceptions of Different Vital Signs Monitor Modalities During High-Fidelity Simulation: Semiquantitative Analysis

Samira Akbas, Sadiq Said, Tadzio Raoul Roche, Christoph B Nöthiger, Donat R Spahn, David W Tscholl, Lisa Bergauer

JMIR Human Factors

High-fidelity simulation, user feedback

DOI: 10.2196/34677

Visual Attention of Anesthesia Providers in Simulated Anesthesia Emergencies Using Conventional Number-Based and Avatar-Based Patient Monitoring: Prospective Eye-Tracking Study

Arsène Ljubenovic, Sadiq Said, Julia Braun, Bastian Grande, Michaela Kolbe, Donat R Spahn, Christoph B Nöthiger, David W Tscholl, Tadzio R Roche

JMIR Serious Games

High-fidelity simulation, eye-tracking, quantitative

DOI: 10.2196/35642

Avatar-based patient monitoring in critical anaesthesia events: a randomised high-fidelity simulation study

Tadzio R. Roche, Sadiq Said, Julia Braun, Elise J. C. Maas, Carl Machado, Bastian Grande, Michaela Kolbe, Donat R. Spahn, Christoph B. Nöthiger, David W. Tscholl

British Journal of Anaesthesia

High-fidelity simulation, quantitative

DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.01.015

Effects of an Animated Blood Clot Technology (Visual Clot) on the Decision-Making of Users Inexperienced in Viscoelastic Testing: Multicenter Trial

Sadiq Said, Tadzio Raoul Roche, Julia Braun, Micheal Thomas Ganter, Patrick Meybohm, Johannes Herrmann, Kai Zacharowski, Florian Jürgen Raimann, Florian Piekarski, Eva Rivas, Manuel López-Baamonde, Donat R Spahn, Christoph Beat Nöthiger, David Werner Tscholl

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Multicenter computer-based trial · Journal version of record

DOI: 10.2196/27124

Avatar-based versus conventional vital sign display in a central monitor for monitoring multiple patients: a multicenter computer-based laboratory study

Olivier Garot, Julian Rössler, Juliane Pfarr, Michael T. Ganter, Donat R. Spahn, Christoph B. Nöthiger, David W. Tscholl

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

Computer-based, quantitative

DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-1032-4

Comparing Classroom Instruction to Individual Instruction as an Approach to Teach Avatar-Based Patient Monitoring With Visual Patient: Simulation Study

Julian Rössler, Alexander Kaserer, Benjamin Albiez, Julia Braun, Jan Breckwoldt, Donat Rudolf Spahn, Christoph Nöthiger, David Werner Tscholl

JMIR Medical Education

Classroom-based, quantitative

DOI: 10.2196/17922

Effects of a standardized distraction on caregivers’ perceptive performance with avatar-based and conventional patient monitoring: a multicenter comparative study

Juliane Pfarr, Michael T. Ganter, Donat R. Spahn, Christoph B. Noethiger, David W. Tscholl

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing

Computer-based, quantitative

DOI: 10.1007/s10877-019-00429-2

Improving decision making through presentation of viscoelastic tests as a 3D animated blood clot: the Visual Clot

J. Rössler, P. Meybohm, D. R. Spahn, K. Zacharowski, J. Braun, C. B. Nöthiger, D. W. Tscholl

Anaesthesia

Computer-based development and comparison · Journal version of record

DOI: 10.1111/anae.14985

Physicians’ Perceptions of a Situation Awareness–Oriented Visualization Technology for Viscoelastic Blood Coagulation Management (Visual Clot): Mixed Methods Study

Tadzio Raoul Roche, Sadiq Said, Julian Rössler, Malgorzata Gozdzik, Patrick Meybohm, Kai Zacharowski, Donat R Spahn, Christoph B Nöthiger, David W Tscholl

JMIR Serious Games

Mixed-methods user perceptions · Journal version of record

DOI: 10.2196/19036

Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Coagulation Management

Sebastian D. Sahli, Julian Rössler, David W. Tscholl, Jan-Dirk Studt, Donat R. Spahn, Alexander Kaserer

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Review · Journal version of record

DOI: 10.3390/s20154254

Situation Awareness-Oriented Patient Monitoring with Visual Patient Technology: A Qualitative Review of the Primary Research

David Werner Tscholl, Julian Rössler, Sadiq Said, Alexander Kaserer, Donat Rudolf Spahn, Christoph Beat Nöthiger

Sensors

Review

DOI: 10.3390/s20072112

The Mechanisms Responsible for Improved Information Transfer in Avatar-Based Patient Monitoring: Multicenter Comparative Eye-Tracking Study

David Werner Tscholl, Julian Rössler, Lucas Handschin, Burkhardt Seifert, Donat R Spahn, Christoph B Nöthiger

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Computer-based, eye-tracking, quantitative

DOI: 10.2196/15070

Validation of the Raw National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) Questionnaire to Assess Perceived Workload in Patient Monitoring Tasks: Pooled Analysis Study Using Mixed Models

Sadiq Said, Malgorzata Gozdzik, Tadzio Raoul Roche, Julia Braun, Julian Rössler, Alexander Kaserer, Donat R Spahn, Christoph B Nöthiger, David Werner Tscholl

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Meta-analysis, quantitative

DOI: 10.2196/19472

Avatar-Based Patient Monitoring With Peripheral Vision: A Multicenter Comparative Eye-Tracking Study

Juliane Pfarr, Michael T Ganter, Donat R Spahn, Christoph B Noethiger, David W Tscholl

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Computer-based, eye-tracking, quantitative

DOI: 10.2196/13041

It’s not you, it’s the design - common problems with patient monitoring reported by anesthesiologists: a mixed qualitative and quantitative study

David W. Tscholl, Lucas Handschin, Julian Rössler, Mona Weiss, Donat R. Spahn, Christoph B. Nöthiger

BMC Anesthesiology

Computer-based, user feedback

DOI: 10.1186/s12871-019-0757-z

User perceptions of avatar-based patient monitoring: a mixed qualitative and quantitative study

David W. Tscholl, Mona Weiss, Lucas Handschin, Donat R. Spahn, Christoph B. Nöthiger

BMC Anesthesiology

Computer-based, user feedback

DOI: 10.1186/s12871-018-0650-1

Using an animated patient avatar to improve perception of vital sign information by anaesthesia professionals

D. W. Tscholl, L. Handschin, P. Neubauer, M. Weiss, B. Seifert, D. R. Spahn, C. B. Noethiger

British Journal of Anaesthesia

Computer-based, quantitative

DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.024